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Editorial — Systemic Risk · Legality · 2025

Validity Trap

Why 2025 revealed the limits of legality in a world of irreversible thresholds

At what point must legality itself cease to confer authorization to prevent catastrophe? This retrospective examines five factual observations from 2025 that reveal a recurring structural pattern: the persistence of legal authorization even after the erosion of material governability.

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Applied Study — Space · BBNJ · 2026

From Orbit to the High Seas

Why c-ECO is the missing link for BBNJ compliance

Space operations, reentry, and ocean biodiversity governance collide in 2026. This essay describes a structural gap between compartmentalized regimes and how c-ECO translates cross-domain obligations into auditable contractual and licensing clauses.